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Primary Physical Systems
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Powertrain: The "heart" of the vehicle, responsible for generating and delivering power.
- Engine/Motor: Internal combustion engine (ICE) or electric motor.
- Transmission: Regulates power supply to the wheels (manual, automatic, or CVT).
- Drivetrain: Includes driveshaft, differential, and axles.
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Chassis & Control: The structural and directional foundation.
- Suspension System: Maintains stability and ride comfort (e.g., springs, shock absorbers).
- Steering System: Controls vehicle direction.
- Brake System: Provides stopping power and safety.
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Electrical & Electronics:
- Starting & Charging: Battery, alternator (ICE), and starter motor.
- Lighting & Accessories: Headlights, wipers, and cabin electronics.
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Body & Interior: The shell, safety frame, and passenger cabin components (seats, dashboard).